Does Circumcision Decrease the Fertility of Sperm in the Male?

Is it possible that circumcision (removal of the foreskin) can cause a decrease in a man's fertility over a man who has never been circumcised, all other factors being the same? Especially when one's sperm comes from the testicles and not the penis. Is some degree of infertility connected to circummision?

The research on circumcision on sperm quality and quantity has been under debt for some time. It appears that the medical community that profits from circumcision feels it will not affect male fertility. Some in the medical community, researchers, and everyday people believe that it does. It appears that the sentence is split.

However, birth rates are much higher in countries where the men are predominately uncircumcised. How is it possible that circumcision could affect fertility in the male?

The testicles hang outside of the body because sperm are very temperature sensitive. They have to be cooler than normal body temperature to survive. It is known that men have a higher quantity and quality of sperm in the colder months than in the warmer months. So men are most potent in the colder months. It is believed that in the hotter months, the sperm are damaged due to hot temperatures building up in a man's underwear and, basically, cooking some of the sperm. This is why boxers are preferred over conventional underwear for sperm health. With tight underwear, the testicles are forced closer to the body. This damages the sperm from the elevated temperature of being up against the body.

So we understand that sperm are very temperature sensitive.

Now here's where it gets interesting:

Circumcised men have a significantly higher resting temperature than their penises then men who are uncircumcised. Men who are uncircumcised have cooler trousers than men who are circumcised. When either group becomes aroused, their penis temperatures rise to the same temperature.

There is no question that an uncircumcised man has a cooler penis than a circumcised man in the flaccid state. For some reason, removal of the foreskin is the reason for this. There seems to be some sort of temperature sensor in the foreskin that may control penile temperature. Removing the foreskin gets rid of this sensor.

It only takes a few temperature degrees of difference to damage sperm. As the penis is in close proximity to the testicles, it's quite likely that a cooler penis would help keep the testicles cooler (Remember that men are more potent in the colder months of the year). Under these condition, if the testicles got too cold, they can always be retracted closer to the body.

But if the circumcised man has such a (relative) hot penis, what happens when this hot penis is bunched up in your underwear against your testicles? That's correct ... It will make the testicles hotter. So when the cremasteric muscles relax to allow the testicles to drop down as far as possible to get away from this heat ... What happens? It does not make any difference, as they are resting next to this "hot" penis.

Remember, it only takes a few degrees in temperature change to damage sperm.

The foreskin has many functions and this is one of them. Mother Nature gifted man with a foreskin for numerous reasons. One of those reasons keeps the penis cooler, there is no denying that. Could foreskin removal affect a man's fertility? It certain seems feasible.

Now consider this: Circumcised and uncircumcised men have the same penis temperature on fullection, as we stated earlier in this article. So, clearly, there is a specific reason why a natural-uncircumcised penis remains at a cooler temperature during the flaccid state. When the penis is erect it is no longer in close proximity with the testicles, so penile temperature should not affect the testicular temperature at this phase (be the penal circumcised or uncircumcised).

Upon orgasm, the penis tends to retract more into the pelvis (at least with my experience). Due to the friction and increased blood flow that occurred during the sexual act, it makes sense that the penal will have an increase in temperature in a flaccid state post-sex than in a flaccid state previous to the sexual act. Could this retraction be another mechanism for the "heated" penis to steer clear of the testicles?

Perhaps one day we will have the knowledge to know how the foreskin is related to penile temperature.

How To Create An Invoice That Reflects Your Professionalism?

Every business, whether small or big needs a customized invoice that reflects their status and professionalism. An invoice is a proof that can benefit the seller and buyer at all times. An invoice in reality is a proof that is made for the transactions between the seller and the buyer for the products sold or the services rendered. Therefore, it is an inevitable part of any business. There are many ways to create a good invoice as it can be created both manually and by downloading invoice templates from the different websites and software programs.

The irony of invoices is that though they serve the same purpose, each of them differs according to the business transactions and the nature of the dealings. There are different types and forms, therefore the business men should first decide on what form they need their invoice and customize it accordingly.

There are some essential details that have to be included in every form of invoice. Some of them are the name and address of the business concern or the manufacturers, the date that the invoice has been created, the official phone number used for the business and of course the name of the person dealing the business. The other important details that should be incorporated are the exact description about the services rendered or about the goods sold.

The credit memo and the debt memo especially deal with issues related with the refund matters. The credit memo is issued when the buyer returns the goods that he has bought and gets the repayment for it. In the same manner, when a company is not able to keep up its promise on the delivery time or has related issues, the debt memo is issued as a proof for the amount to be paid along with the penalty.

The importance of a good invoice in all business transactions and transactions is an undisputable fact. It is a solid proof which is upheld in any court in case the project or the sale is contested. Therefore, care should be taken to incorporate all the necessary details that can help a buyer as well as the seller in case of any untoward incidents or disputes.

Difference Between For Profit and Non Profit

Whether you are thinking of starting a new non-profit or have been invited to sit on the Board of an existing charity, it's important to know the key differences between for and non-profit businesses - and it's not as simple as you might think !

Legal Entity - A for profit business can take many forms - sole proprietorship is most common but you can also choose partnership, corporation or the hybrid legal form, the limited liability company / partnership. A non-profit will always be a corporation. Paperwork is filed not only with the state, but with the IRS which determines whether the corporation meets one of the many sections of the 501 (c) code which governs non profits. Most charities you're familiar with - American Red Cross, Cancer Society, Catholic Charities - fall under 501 (c) 3.

Ownership - The reason a non-profit is always a corporation is because no single person owns a non-profit. A for profit corporation is owned by shareholders but a non-profit is "owned" by the community it serves. The Board of Directors for a non-profit serve as volunteers and ensure that the entity remains true to it's charitable mission. The Board of Directors in a for corporation corporations of major stockholders and those elected by stockholders. They serve as compensated representatives of the stockholders who ensure the entity produces a reasonable return on investment.

Purpose - A non-profit serves a public good and is driven by the mission. For example, a suicide prevention non-profit might have as a mission, "to help prevent suicide and offer support to those who have lost someone to suicide." Revenue is generated to support services which are designed to accomplish the mission. A for profit business serves a private good and exists to return a profit on the investment of the owner (s). For profit businesses often generate public benefit as well but that is not the motivating factor for owning or investing in a for profit business.

Revenue - A non-profit may generate revenue by delivering good or more often services but the revenue generated is subsidized by contributions, grants or government contracts. Many nonprofits deliver a service for which there is a great public benefit but no profitable market either because the people they serve lack the financial means to pay what the services cost or because the benefit is diffused among society as a whole (environmental or civil rights for example). A for profit business charges a fee for the goods or services that fully covers costs plus a reasonable profit.

Costs - A for profit business will incur all of the normal costs associated with doing business in the industry it serves. A non-profit is exempt from many costs as a public investment in achieving its charitable purpose. Non profits are exempt from some Federal taxes and most state taxes. Contributions to charitable non profits are tax-deductible and people who support the mission are not only allowed but encouraged to work as volunteers - something the Labor Department would otherwise not allow.

Profit - Any money left to a business after paying all expenses is left to the discretion of the owners in a for profit business. Earnings may be paid out or retained against anticipated future expenses. In a non-profit, revenue in excess of expense may be retained if such "carry over" is not prohibited by the source of the funds. Restricted funds may only be used as the donor directives, where unrestricted funds may be used at the discretion of the Board as long as the use further the mission.

Top 3D Modeling Services

In this day and age, 3D modeling is a very common tool people are using when creating their works of art. If you are interested in having a 3D model for your project but do not know how to do it yourself there are plenty of 3D modeling services that can get the job done for you. Many services offer pre-made models that you can purchase or they can custom make one to your liking. Regardlessless are the top 3D modeling services. Let's take a look at the ones that were named best of the year.

TurboSquid
This is one of the nation's best 3D modeling services. They are a very professional company and work on top-notch projects. However, because this company is so promising they do charge more for their services. They have worked with Pixar, Raytheon, CBS, and Boeing, just to name a few.

Falling Pixel
This company is close second behind TurboSquid but still a very well known 3D service company. They are very professional and accommodating to their clients. They will pull from their pool of artists to make sure your needs are filled to the fullest. If you are a 3D artist looking to sell your work, Falling Pixel has one of the best artist commission rates in the industry with the artist receiving fifty-eight percent of the models sale price.

3d02
This is another great 3D modeling service. Their sight allows you to browse through models by category and formats making it very easy to see which models are a good fit for your work. Here you can buy models individually, collectively, or also have your own model created. 3d02 is also best known for their reasonable prices.

The 3D Studio
This service has thousands of models and textures that work with 3ds max, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, and Maya. The thing to note about The 3D Studio is that their models are far more simple then other 3D modeling services but that may very well suit what you need. It just depends on what you are looking for. They do have a variety of categories to choose from including characters, vehicles, plants, space, sports, industrial, anatomy, architecture and more.

DAZ
DAZ is another highly popular 3D modeling service. The only downfall is they are only compatible with DAZ software. However, they are known to be extremely affordable. Their work produces high quality 3D models. People who are interested in human and non-human figures will find comfort and satisfaction with this company. They are very good with mythical creatures. Their models are very life like. If you are looking for human or mythical characteristics then DAZ is probably the best choice for you.

Hopefully your journey to finding or developing the perfect 3D model is a lot easier and helpful knowing you have these amazing professional companies to work with. Your project is guaranteed to be nothing short of everything you have visualized it to be.

Tips For Taking Tasteful And Creative Boudoir Photography

There is a surprising trend happening in the world of photography that involves women taking sexy portraits. These two do not go together at all with traditional wedding photography or family photography. So, what could possibly allow a woman to express her self confidence and share intimate and personal photos with their special someone. This would have to be boudoir photography for sure. These are not the old fashion studio photos where you got the impression that you were looking at pictures taken in a hotel that rents by the hour. Boudoir photography is very tasteful with a hint of sensual and sexiness. Today's boudoir sessions are more about fashion and flair. Boudoir photography is about woman in lingerie and provocative poses.

Women are more comfortable with sexuality than ever before. It was only a matter of time before they demanded a change in how they were perceived in boudoir photos of old. The old dreary color faded photos of the past were no longer going to be acceptable. This is not about creating a porn video either. It's an art form and it's not about taking your clothes all the way off. It's about creating a look that shows how amazing a woman's body really is. Photos they can share with their loved one that just say wow how amazing is my body and I'm proud of it. There are a few steps to keep in mind when creating and properly executing a boudoir photo shoot.

The best way to make your client feel comfortable during the shoot is working on your posing. Boudoir photography is no different than other forms of photography when it comes to creating comfortable and manageable poses. If your clients are uncomfortable then it will most likely show up in the shots you take. You need to bring out the best parts of each individual client's best features when shooting boudoir photography. Every woman is different as far as their sizes and shapes. So, you have to be able to figure out what parts of the body you want to feature. If your client has very large hips and she's extremely conscious of them. You want to take shots from the side and from above instead of head on in front of you. It's best to try and establish a rapport with the client to help them feel at ease. Do not just bring them in and start shooting.

You could go out and hire a bunch of professional to help build your portfolio and practice your skills. I feel it's better to work with regular everyday clients to work on improving your skills. With professional models it can be hard to determine which feature is their best. It can also hard to find out what is their worst. There is one plus to working with even amateur models and that is they are good at finding sensual poses that you can work with. It may take your clients awhile to get comfortable and they may not know how to position themselves in a sensual manner. This is the one area you may benefit from having amateur models to provide you with examples to use on our clients. Your job is to highlight the parts that your client feels are her best physical qualities and hide those that she does not feel comfortable about.

Lighting is very important in boudoir photography as it is with most photography in general. Flash photography can be very unflattering to natural skin. So, you want to use as much natural light as you possibly can. Avoid at all cost direct flash and use as little off camera lighting as you can get away with. Use soft lighting during your shoot which will allow for softer skin tones. Split lighting is a technique that I like to use in my sessions. I've tried this with natural lighting, but this does not work as well as use one main source of lighting. You place your light source at a 90 degree angle and prefer use off camera lighting that simulates natural light. This allows me to create a dramatic and a definite mood in my shots.

Picking the proper lens will also help you get the wanted shot you are looking for. A zoom lens and the right camera angle is really all that's needed to get the perfect shot. You do not need multiple lens changes or camera changes during your shoot. You want to shoot level with the client and not from above. This will help make sure the proportions are correct and not unflattering.

Picking out the right outfit is another issue that you want to work with your client on. You do not want to pick out your clients outfit. You want them to feel comfortable in whatever they decide to wear. The item could have a special meaning or it could just be an item of clothing that they share during special intimate moments. You want your client to at least bring two or three different items for you to work with. You want to bring items that are a combination that allow you to undress and reveal another more provocative outfit underneath. This also allows the client to become a little more comfortable about taking their clothes off while a camera watches their every move.

You want them to stay with neutral colors like black, beige, and red. These work best with most skin tones. You also want the items they are wearing to fit. You do not want an outfit that is too tight on their skin. You also do not want one that lose fitting and falls off during the shoot. Remember you are not shooting porn. You are creating tasteful art that is not showing full nudity. Picking a favorite team jersey or a work shirt is always recommended as one of the outfits you'll want to use.

The biggest hurdle your going to face while shooting boudoir photos is getting your client to relax. If you are able to get past the nervous issues that arise. You should be able to create sexy and provocative photos for your clients to share with the loved one.

How to Get a Bigger Penis and Not Spend a Penny

Have you ever been asking yourself how to get a bigger penis? As a guy you know that size matters. Because having a larger penis gives any man more confidence and self esteem. Also we are aware of it, that most women would choose larger over smaller (if given the option). And if you are poorly endowed by nature the question of how to get a larger penis can be of vital importance.

No matter the talk, one of the main ways that a man defines himself is by his sex organ. Its size, shape, whether it's straight or it curves left or right, up or down. Logically, this might seem pretty prehistoric, but it's the way it is. Because the biological function of a man is to reproduce, it's necessary to have a sexual organ that will help make you more attractive to the opposite sex.

Unsurprisingly throughout all of time and regardless of the society they lived in, men have always wanted to find out how to make their penis bigger and even more so this quest has become a dominant goal for many men today - not least because porn is omnipresent in this day and age and is triggering a comparison of penis size.

As there is such a great demand it comes not as a surprise that the market responds with a huge supply for penis growth, all supposedly for the purpose to help us get a larger penis. The internet is jam-packed with offers for

• pills
• creams
• extenders (referred to as medical devices)
• pumps
• implants
• stretching and hanging devices
• surgical techniques

and what else. No wonder if this makes you feel giddy. You are betrayed with the challenge to find out which of these offers are seriously effective for penis enlargement and which are just scams and rip-offs or worse yet, downright dangerous for little Joe and your health.

Fortunately you do not depend on the industry, neither do you have to spend a dime in order to gain size. How to get a bigger penis is not a fad of our time alone and it is a safe bet that since the creation of Kama Sutra (about 2000 yrs. Ago) there was enough time for generations of men to develop and test effective penis enhancement exercises and enlargement techniques that did wonders then and still do work today.

These proven, simple, and effective exercises and techniques have been passed down to us and if you are willing to make a commitment to teach yourself these exercises you will grow your penis bigger without having to spend a penny.

The basic principles how these exercises work are quite simple. You train your penis to hold more blood and as a result it will become larger in size. In essence there are 3 different exercises:

Jelqing

Jelqing, sometimes called milking the penis, is a technique that pushes blood into it, holds it there and then pushes more blood into it, causing the penis to expand to a larger size that it had originally been.

Stretching

The stretching exercises are focusing on length. Through regular exercises you are able to stretch your penis, since the skin and tissue are not much different than those other parts of the body. The reservoir of penis stretching exercises consistors of combinations of stretching, twirling and slapping.

Kegel Exercise

Kegel exercises refer to contracting your PC (pubococcygeus) muscle. You can identify this muscle when you stop your urinary stream. Exercising this muscle will give your penis a stronger, more muscular look and will help you to control orgasms and ejaculations.

If you are determined to get a larger penis then to naturally enlarge the little fellow through exercises is the way to go. It is healthy and safe (when done right), easy-to-learn, the results are permanent, and it does not cost you a penny.

Mutual Fund Investing 101: How You Make Money

How do you make money investing in mutual funds? There are basically two ways to make money and two ways to lose money investing in mutual funds. Let's get down to basics.

There are thousands of funds to choose from and the vast majority of them will fall into one of four categories based on where they invest money (your money). They are called: equity (stock), bond, money market, and balanced funds. In all of the above you open an account, invest money, and this buys you shares. You make money investing based on the number of shares you own. The same goes if you lose money investing.

Let's start with the most popular and the scandal category called EQUITY FUNDS, which invest money in stocks, which are also called "equities". Why invest money here? The primary objective is growth, with dividend income as a secondary objective. You make money investing here when the share price goes up, and from dividends. You lose money when the share price goes down. The disputes come from the stocks in the fund portfolio and are passed on to you. They (like all dividends) are yours to keep. The primary attraction of equity funds: the potential for high returns.

BOND FUNDS have one primary objective: higher income in the form of dividends. They are also called INCOME FUNDS, and are generally safer than the equity variety. You invest money here to earn higher dividends than you can get elsewhere. The disputes come from the interest earned in the fund's bond portfolio. You can also make money investing when the share price goes up; and lose money when the share price falls. Normally, there is probably less price fluctuation than you'll find in the equity or stock category.

BALANCED FUNDS are a happy medium between the two above, because they invest money in both stocks and bonds. Here you make money from both rising share prices and dividends, and lose money investing when share prices tumble. Here you have moderate risk.

MONEY MARKET FUNDS are the safe alternative and you make money investing in them in only one way: dividends. They invest money and earn interest in high quality, short-term IOUs (in the money market). This interest they pass on to you in the form of dividends. Share price is pegged at $ 1 and does not fluctuate. Very rarely do investors lose money investing here.

Most people invest money in mutual funds as a long term investment. So, in most cases they simply allow the fund company to reinvest all dividends (and other dividends) to buy more shares. Distributions (like capital gains from the sale of stock) are a bit technical. Do not worry - if you have them coming, you'll get your share. And you'll also receive periodic statements showing the activity in your account.

In the beginning we said that there are basically two ways to make money and two ways to lose money investing in mutual funds. What's the second way you can lose money? Let me give you an example, and as a former financial planner I've seen this time time and time again. Joe Blow decided to invest money in mutual funds through a "financial planner" (not me). He put $ 20,000 into a stock fund, and about a year later he looked at his latest statement and it showed a total value of $ 19,000.

The stock market in that year showed a modest gain. How did he lose money investing? Answer: $ 1000 came off the top to pay for sales charges called "loads". About $ 300 went to annual fund expenses, and another $ 300 to extra fees. Joe claims that he did not know anything about these charges and fees.

It is not necessary to pay big bucks when you invest money in mutual funds. Had Joe gone with NO-LOAD funds, he could have invested for a total cost of about $ 200 a year, for expenses. You can make money investing in mutual funds as a long term investment. Just do not work against yourself by losing money to high charges and fees.